Detailed explanation of the structure and component names of electric bicycles

An electric bicycle consists of two main parts: the body structure and the electrical control system, which work together to achieve riding, driving, braking, and safety functions. The following is a detailed analysis of its core structure and components:

1、 Vehicle structure (mechanical part)

The vehicle body is the supporting foundation of the entire vehicle, consisting of the following components:

frame

Function: The vehicle frame is used to carry the dynamic loads of riders, cargo, and vehicles.

Material: Steel pipe, aluminum alloy or carbon fiber composite material, balancing strength and lightweight.

Front fork component

Composition: Front fork riser, front fork legs.

Function: Connect the handlebars, frame, and front wheels to achieve steering and maintain balance; Modern electric bicycles often use shock-absorbing front forks to enhance comfort.

Wheeling System

Front/rear wheels: composed of wheel rims, tires, spokes, and bulges (axle skins).

Tires: divided into inner and outer tubes, the material affects grip and wear resistance (such as butyl rubber inner tubes with good sealing).

Spokes: Weave and connect the flower drum with the wheel rim to transmit loads.

drive system

Pedals/cranks/axles: manually driven components that convert pedaling force into rotational force.

Chain/flywheel: transmits power to the rear wheels, and the flywheel is a one-way ratchet structure.

Chain cover: protects the chain, prevents dust, and avoids entanglement of the pant legs.

brake system

Car brakes: divided into wheel brakes (commonly used for front brakes) and axle brakes (such as expansion brakes and holding brakes), braking through friction.

Brake lever: installed on the handlebar to control the braking action.

Bearing and accessory components

Saddle/saddle tube: supports the rider, and the saddle tube can be adjusted in height.

Hanger/bracket: load and parking support.

Mud board/reflector: prevents splashing of mud and water, and the reflector enhances nighttime safety.

Car lock/basket: anti-theft and storage functions.

2、 Electrical Control System (Power and Intelligent Core)

The electrical system realizes power drive and intelligent control, and the main components include:

Battery (battery)

Types: Lead acid batteries (low-cost), lithium-ion batteries (lightweight and high-energy).

Function: Store electrical energy and provide power for the motor.

electrical machinery

Type:

Brushed motor: simple structure, but requires regular maintenance of the electric brush.

Brushless motor: efficient and low-noise, maintenance free, mainstream choice.

Installation method: wheel hub type (direct drive rear wheels) or center mounted type (through chain drive).

Function: Convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheels to rotate.

controller

Function: Electrical system "brain", controls motor speed and current output, with:

Protection functions: undervoltage, overcurrent, speed limit, brake power-off.

Intelligent functions: self check for faults, adjust riding modes (such as economy/power mode).

charger

Function: Convert AC power to DC power to charge the battery.

Features: Intelligent pulse charging, extending battery life, matching with battery model.

Instruments and sensors

Instrument panel: displays vehicle speed, battery level, lighting status, etc.

Assist sensor: detects pedal torque or speed, achieving coordinated driving between human and electric power.

Rotary handle: By sensing the rotation of the hand through Hall elements, the motor power output is controlled.

light system

Headlights/Taillights: Provides night lighting, with some models equipped with turn signals.

Brake lights: automatically turn on when braking, warning the vehicles behind.

3、 Structural layout and working principle

Power transmission path: battery → controller → motor → rear wheel (or transmitted to the rear wheel through a chain).

Human computer interaction: The handlebars integrate handlebars, brake levers, and gauges, allowing riders to control acceleration, braking, and monitor status through manual operation.

Safety design: reflectors, brake power-off function, undervoltage protection, etc. ensure safe riding.

Structural diagram of electric bicycle

Bicycle Structure Diagram

OEM customization of electric bicycle battery pack